Tag: advice

RAC warns drivers against starting the new year with the flat battery blues

  • Battery issues are the number-one reason for breakdowns
  • Longer holiday period expected to cause a rise in non-starts
  • The RAC warns households with more than one car to use both over the holidays

With Monday 6th January expected to be one of the busiest days for breakdowns for the whole of 2025, the RAC is warning drivers to make sure they don’t kick off the year with an unexpected flat battery.

The first working day after the holidays is often a ‘non-start’ for thousands of commuters as cars are left idle throughout the Christmas period. Since New Year’s Eve falls on a Tuesday this year, the RAC expects most drivers to extend their Christmas breaks until Monday 6th January, meaning there could be a much longer period where cars are left unused.

Households with more than one vehicle are at greater risk as many people will only use one car over the festive period, meaning the battery of the other car is more likely to go flat.

Battery issues are the number-one reason for RAC patrol call-outs all year round, but breakdowns increase during the winter months when cooler temperatures put a greater strain on batteries due to the increased use of the heater, lights and heated screens and seats.

The RAC is advising all households, and especially those with a second car, to make sure vehicles are used between Christmas and New Year to keep their batteries topped up, especially if they intend to commute on Monday 6th.

Even drivers of electric cars need to do the same, as in most cases these vehicles still depend on a 12-volt battery to start – and it’s this battery that can go flat.

RAC Breakdown spokesperson Alice Simpson said: “The first working day after Christmas is typically the busiest of the year for our patrols attending drivers suffering the ‘flat battery blues’.

“The first day back at work after the Christmas the break is often bad enough, but it can be thoroughly depressing if nothing happens when you go to start the ignition. Cars left unused over the holidays, such as second vehicles left parked up, are often a breakdown statistic waiting to happen.

“Luckily, a flat battery is easily avoidable if drivers take their cars for a good run during their Christmas breaks. Electric vehicles are just as vulnerable as combustion engines because they also rely on 12-volt batteries, so it’s important to drive them occasionally and keep them charged above 20% in winter conditions.

“Colder weather slows down the chemical reaction in vehicle batteries, plus they have to work harder in the winter months due to greater use of the heater, lights, heated screens and seats as well as windscreen wipers. The starter motor also has to work harder to turn over the engine in the cold, so if your car is particularly slow to start then the battery could be about to fail.

“Drivers in any doubt about the health of their battery – especially those that are older and weaker – can book a diagnostic test on their doorstep. Rather than trying to find a garage that is open during the holiday period, drivers can book an RAC Mobile Mechanic to test their battery at home or work, and even install a new one in the worst-case scenario.”

The RAC’s Mobile Mechanics have shared their top tips to steer clear of the flat battery blues:

  • Drive every vehicle in your household before Monday 6 January, especially if you’re going to rely on that car for your return to work. Don’t just turn it over – go on a drive that gets the engine up to a proper operating temperature and the battery well charged before you really need it 
  • Cherish every volt – turn off everything electrical in your car once you’ve switched the engine off, and disconnect all equipment such as dashcams to give the battery its best chance of starting
  • If you’ve had battery problems at all throughout 2024, think about getting it tested and, if needed, replaced before the new year
  • Protect your car from the elements – cooler, damper conditions through winter put more strain on a battery, so use the garage if you have one
  • Drive electric vehicles occasionally and keep them above a 20% state-of-charge. A high-voltage battery should not be left below this point for extended periods of time, especially in cold weather, as this can harm its health.

Tips for Keeping Your Houseplants Alive During Winter

Winter can be a challenging time for houseplants. The colder temperatures, reduced daylight, and dry indoor air can all take a toll on their health. However, with a few simple tips, you can keep your houseplants thriving throughout the winter months.

Gardening and plants expert Fiona Jenkins at MyJobQuote.co.uk explains why winter is so harsh on houseplants and provides some tips on how to keep your houseplants alive during this challenging time.

Understanding Winter’s Impact on Houseplants

As the days grow shorter, the amount of natural light available to your houseplants decreases. This can lead to slower growth, weaker stems, and pale, leggy foliage.

Central heating systems can significantly reduce the humidity levels in your home. Dry air can cause your plants to lose moisture through their leaves, leading to brown tips, wilting, and a decline in overall health.

Draughts from windows, doors, and heating vents can expose your plants to sudden temperature changes. These fluctuations can stress your plants, making them more susceptible to diseases and pests.

Tips for Keeping Your Houseplants Healthy in Winter

There are several things that you can do to ensure that your houseplants remain healthy and thriving during the winter months.

Below is a list of steps that you should take to keep your houseplants in top shape during this time of the year …

Adjust Your Watering Routine

First of all, your houseplant growth will slow down during winter. At this time, the plants will require less water. Overwatering can result in root rot. This is a fatal condition for many houseplants.

Before watering, insert your finger into the soil to check its moisture level. You should only water when the top inch of soil feels dry.

Cold water can shock the roots of your plants. Instead, use lukewarm water to maintain optimal soil temperature.

Provide Adequate Light

It’s important to ensure that your plants get enough light at this time of the year. Position your plants near South-facing windows to maximise exposure to natural light.

If the natural light in your home is insufficient, consider using artificial grow lights to supplement the light your plants receive. Look for full-spectrum grow lights that mimic natural sunlight.

Be sure to rotate your plants regularly to ensure even growth and prevent them from leaning towards the light source.

Maintain Optimal Humidity

Humidity is important to ensure good health for many houseplants. Consider using a spray bottle to mist your plants with lukewarm water, especially those with delicate foliage. This helps to increase humidity levels around the plants.

Grouping plants together can create a microclimate with increased humidity. The plants release moisture into the air, which helps to maintain a humid environment.

A humidifier is also an effective way to increase the humidity levels in your home. Consider using a cool mist humidifier to avoid scalding your plants.

Monitor for Pests and Diseases

It’s important to monitor your plants to ensure they are surviving the winter months well. Regularly inspect your plants for signs of pests and diseases. If you do notice any infestations, make sure to isolate the infected plant to prevent the spread of pests or diseases to other plants.

Consider using a natural pesticide or insecticidal soap to treat infestations. Avoid using harsh chemical pesticides that can harm your plants and the environment.

Protect Your Plants from Draughts

Draughts can be harmful to plants, so it’s important to keep your houseplants away from them. Move your plants away from draughty areas, such as near windows, doors, or heating vents. Draughts can cause sudden temperature fluctuations, which can stress your plants.

Consider grouping your plants together to create a warmer microclimate. This can help protect them from cold draughts and temperate fluctuations.

Final Thoughts

Winter doesn’t have to be a death sentence for your houseplants. With a little bit of understanding of how the season affects them and some proactive care, you can help your leafy companions thrive even in the colder months. Remember, the key lies in mimicking their natural environment as much as possible.

By adjusting your watering routine, providing adequate light, maintaining optimal humidity, and protecting them from draughts, you can ensure your plants stay vibrant and healthy all winter long. So ditch the brown leaves and drooping stems and enjoy the company of your flourishing greenery throughout the entire year!

FIONA JENKINS

Fiona Jenkins is a UK-based landscaper with over twenty-five years of experience in the industry. As a gardening expert for MyJobQuote, one of the UK’s top trades-matching sites, Fiona offers her expert advice to MyJobQuote’s tradespeople and homeowners and has also been featured as a gardening expert for a range of reputable publications.

FLU: What To Do

Having the flu can leave you feeling awful, but there are steps you can take to speed up your recovery:

Do:

✅ Rest and get plenty of sleep

✅ Keep warm

✅Drink lots of water to stay hydrated

✅ Take paracetamol or ibuprofen to reduce your temperature and ease aches and pains

✅ Stay off work or school until you’re feeling better

Don’t:

❌ Take paracetamol alongside flu remedies that also contain paracetamol

You can check your symptoms and decide what to do next by visiting

https://nhs24.info/flu

Motorists warned against tired driving over Christmas

Road accidents see a spike in the run-up to Christmas, and while this can be due to increased traffic volume, driver fatigue also has a big part to play as it’s estimated that 10 to 20% of crashes happen because of tired driving. 

Christmas is a busy time and the stress from frequent holiday gatherings, Christmas shopping and planning can cause a lot of people to feel exhausted and sleep deprived. 

It’s important for drivers to make sure they’re well rested before getting behind the wheel, as they’re twice as likely to crash if they’ve had five to six hours of sleep compared to the recommended eight hours. 

Drivers are also told to plan regular rest breaks for longer journeys, taking a break for at least 15 minutes every two hours.

Tired drivers are most likely to crash on monotonous roads such as motorways because of the lack of driver stimulation, potentially leading to microsleeping behind the wheel. 

Microsleeping happens when tired drivers nod off for up to 30 seconds and data has revealed one in three Brits have experienced it. 

Eating can also exacerbate fatigue and drowsiness, so it’s best to let the food settle for a few hours after eating a big Christmas meal at a holiday gathering.

Cat Wiltshire from Online-Bedrooms.co.uk said: “While fatigued driving is a danger throughout the whole year, the risks are further increased during the Christmas season, as many people struggle with festive burnout. 

“Many of us feel exhausted in the run-up to Christmas as it’s a high-intensity period filled with office parties, holiday gatherings, endless Christmas shopping trips and lots of travelling to ensure you’re spending time with all your loved ones. 

“The roads are a lot busier around the holiday season which already increases the risk of collisions, and adding fatigue to the mix makes the situation far more dangerous. 

“Before driving home for Christmas, it’s crucial to ensure you get enough sleep the night before, especially if you’re planning to head out early to avoid traffic. 

“Even going to bed an hour or two earlier before a long car journey can make a big difference, as those getting five to six hours of sleep are twice as likely to crash compared to seven to eight hours. 

“Taking regular breaks is also important, especially if you’re driving for more than two hours. Even if your journey is shorter, make sure to look out for signs of fatigue such as excessive yawning and heavy eyelids.”

Don’t let gravy be the Grinch

NHSGGC urges people to take care this Christmas

Everyone is familiar with the old saying ‘there’s no use crying over spilled milk’, but it’s spilled gravy that might be doing the damage this Christmas – and NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is asking the public to take extra care when they’re serving up the Turkey this December 25th.

Burns from hot gravy are among reasons why people self-present at Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments on Christmas Day. Other common minor conditions include cuts from parents using box cutters and craft knives to open presents, falls from ladders following decorations being hung or presents decanted from lofts, and acid reflux or constipation.

Debbie McCoach, Interim Lead Nurse at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Accident and Emergency Department, said: “Christmas Day at home is mostly full of buzz, excitement – and let’s be honest – chaos.

“In times of hectic family life, rational thinking can go out of the window and accidents can very quickly and easily happen. We’re asking everyone to have a lot of fun but approach things with caution, particularly when it comes to the kitchen.”

Upset tummies and respiratory issues from seasonal illnesses are also big with self-presenters at A&E, which are minor illnesses that should be treated elsewhere.

Dr Claire Harrow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Deputy Medical Director for Acute Services said: “We’re also asking people to be aware when and when not to attend the Accident and Emergency department.

“A&E is for urgent injuries and life-threatening care. Otherwise, on Christmas Day, people should be calling NHS24 on 111 if they have a minor injury or minor illness. In doing so, they’ll be provided advice and will be given an appointment if required, virtually or in-person.

“After all, no one wants to be sitting in a waiting room on Christmas Day!”

There are instances where A&E will be essential and, when it comes to safety, paediatricians are asking parents and carers to be extra vigilant of their child at home to avoid hospital this Christmas.

Staff at the Royal Hospital for Children A&E have highlighted the anticipated big hitters when it comes to objects causing serious injuries this Christmas, along with some advice on how to avoid them.

Dr Joanne Stirling, Consultant in Paediatric Emergency Medicine at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow said: “Bikes and scooters are always big on Christmas lists and we’re pleading with parents to remember that if Santa is bringing anything with wheels, especially if it is motorised, then a helmet is also included. We’ve had a few incidents with eScooters this year and the injuries have been very serious.

“This request extends to the “big kids” of the family too. i.e. mum and dad who may be eager for a “wee shot”– trust us, if you’re unprotected, the injury won’t be worth it.”

Dr Stirling highlighted others for parents to watch out for and if an injury does occur, should be brought straight to A&E:

  • Button batteries if swallowed – We’re very lucky in the UK that most toys have the battery secured away by being screwed in place but there are toys that can be bought from abroad. Double check yours are secure.
  • Severe burns from hair straighteners – It is so easy to style your hair and leave the appliance within reach when you’re a busy parent. Even when switched off, the burn for a child can be serious. Always keep hair straighteners out of reach and stored away safely.
  • Swallowing liquitabs or cleaning products – Many products look like sweeties and are exciting for a child who won’t hesitate to pop them into their mouth. Keep in high cupboards or use safety lock on cupboard doors.
  • Water beads if swallowed – What appears as a harmless, small bead will expand once inside a child and can block their stomach. Check all gifts for smaller children to ensure they don’t contain these.

Working this Christmas? Check your pay!

Festive workers, including those on short-term contracts, are being urged to check their pay to make sure they aren’t missing out on the National Minimum Wage or National Living Wage.

Seasonal staff and students employed over the Christmas period are legally entitled to receive at least the same minimum rates as other workers.

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) is reminding all workers to check their hourly rate of pay, and to look out for unpaid working time – such as time spent cleaning and closing premises, training, or picking up extra hours. 

Deductions, for things like uniforms or tools, can also reduce pay rates. 

HMRC’s festive video issues a clear reminder: 

“Have you started a Christmas job? 

“No matter how long you’ve been employed for, you are legally entitled to be paid at least the National Minimum Wage. This includes temporary seasonal staff working in shops, hotels, garden centres, Christmas markets, restaurants and warehouses.

“Always make sure that you check your pay and look out for any deductions, or unpaid working time that could take you below the minimum wage.

“If you think you’ve been short changed, even if you no longer work for that employer, we’re here to help. Visit GOV.UK and search ‘check your pay’ to find all the information you need about wage rates, and how to report your employer if they’re not paying you correctly.”

The National Minimum Wage hourly rates are currently:

  • £11.44 – Age 21 and over (National Living Wage)
  • £8.60 – Age 18 to 20
  • £6.40 – Age under 18
  • £6.40 – Apprentice

Anyone not being paid what they are entitled to, or people concerned that someone they know may not be getting paid correctly, can report it online at https://www.gov.uk/minimum-wage-complaint. It takes around 10 minutes and reports can be made after the employment has ended. 

To speak with someone, raise a concern or get further information, phone the Acas Pay and Work Rights helpline on 0300 123 1100 for confidential, free advice (Monday to Friday*, 8am to 6pm).– *Except Bank Holidays. 

Employers can also access support at any time to ensure they are paying their workers correctly:

They can also contact Acas for advice.

Granton Information Centre delighted with feedback survey response

Thanks to everyone who has given us feedback so far by completing our survey!

GIC are passionate about providing the best possible service to our clients and we are delighted with the results and the many positive comments we’ve received since April:

Plunging temperatures: 4 ways to keep wildlife safe this winter

— Barratt Homes and David Wilson Homes Scotland partners with RSPB to compile nature-friendly tips —

In light of the recent cold snap, Barratt Homes and David Wilson Homes Scotland is putting nature first to inspire homeowners to create their own haven for wildlife during the colder months.

Combined, UK gardens and balconies are six times the size of Glasgow and Edinburgh, covering 4,000km2 – space that with a little care and attention could make a big difference for nature. This could be as simple as introducing nest boxes and bird feeders to planting wildlife-friendly flowers.

The housebuilder has partnered with the RSPB to create a list of wildlife-friendly features to incorporate into your garden for when temperatures plunge.

Provide shelter for a rainy day

When the weather takes a turn, birds need shelter to keep warm and dry. Nest boxes are the perfect option for small birds and are a popular spot for them during colder nights, with space to cosy up together for communal warmth.

For woodland creatures, creating a deadwood or leaf pile in your garden can be used for shelter and to keep warm.

Across Scotland, Barratt Homes and David Wilson Homes properties has planted over 5,000 new trees in development gardens and installed over 4,000 hedgehog highways in show home gardens. 

Open an outdoor kitchen

Just like us, birds need extra energy during the colder seasons to keep warm. The smaller the bird, the more likely it is to be affected by long periods of cold weather.

With longer nights and poorer weather conditions, the options for finding food is limited for wildlife meaning they often venture outside of their usual sources in the quest to find food. Without food sources, birds are at risk of starvation, which often kills many birds during winter.

You can help your garden birds by providing some food when natural resources such as berries and seeds are running low, or hard to access because of the cold weather. Find safe places for hanging bird feeders offering calorie-rich seed mixes, good quality peanuts and suet balls. Move these feeders around, to prevent predators from getting used to their location and ensure all feeders are cleaned at least weekly.

Bird landscaping

Consider the plants you grow in the garden, as they can provide a year-round sanctuary for birds. Planting trees and shrubs for garden birds will not only provide a larger nesting space for birds to take cover and keep warm during winter, but also acts a cooling space to retreat to in summer.

Shrubs – such as native holly – provide birds with berries over the winter period, which are particularly popular among blackbirds, bullfinches, sparrows and winter thrushes.

Creating flower beds of varying heights can also provide cover for birds of different sizes. For instance, allowing perennials to remain standing through the winter can offer additional shelter.

Compost leftovers and greenery

To help minimise food waste over the festive period, consider building a compost heap to recycle organic household waste, including peelings and any uneaten vegetables. Our gardens also have a wealth of greenery that are perfect for compost piles, including dead trees, shrubs and grass cuttings.

Not only will it give you compost to fertilise your garden, but it also diversifies the wildlife in your garden, and you may see some robins and blackbirds nesting there come spring.

Douglas McLeod, Regional Managing Director for Barratt Homes and David Wilson Homes Scotland, said: “Creating a habitat fit for wildlife can help invite a variety of birds and woodland creatures into your space. This not only makes for an interesting period of birdwatching and wildlife spotting during the colder months but also contributes to the conservation of these species.

“At Barratt, we have a nationwide commitment to creating nature-friendly outdoor spaces of all sizes in our developments. These spaces range from gardens and balconies to communal areas, all of which are now flourishing with life.”

Adrian Thomas, RSPB’s wildlife gardening expert, said: “Whatever size your garden or outdoor space is, it can offer shelter and food to a huge variety of wildlife which is especially important in the coldest months. 

“Winter gardens are also beneficial for people! Getting outside, breathing some fresh air and being closer to nature is likely to give your wellbeing a boost at a time of year when it may really need it. As does the chance to watch some of the wildlife that is making the most of your garden.

“Big Garden Birdwatch is a great example of this, showing how taking note of what birds are around us – even just for an hour – can be really valuable, helping us to relax, reflect and feel more connected.”

Barratt Homes’ commitment to creating wildlife-friendly areas across its Scotland developments include:

North Scotland:

  • 3,578 new trees planted throughout developments
  • 2,883 hedgehog highways installed in development gardens
  • 77,722 new sapling hedgerows planted across developments

West Scotland:

  • 1,749 new trees planted throughout developments
  • 1,218 hedgehog highways installed in development gardens

East Scotland:

  • 18 nest boxes in show home gardens
  • 61 swift nesting bricks implemented throughout developments

The UK is home to spectacular wildlife and internationally important habitats, and yet it is in the bottom 10 per cent of countries globally for protecting nature.

Sadly, nature in the UK is in trouble and in need of a helping hand, having lost 38 million birds over the last 50 years, with house sparrows, starlings and song thrushes all considered birds of conservation concern.

For more tips to encourage wildlife into your garden this winter and beyond visit Nature on Your Doorstep here.

Motorists urged to follow winter warnings

Motorists are being warned about winter driving hazards they need to be aware of as temperatures start to drop.

Experts from car insurance firm Quotezone.co.uk have revealed ways motorists can avoid penalty points, fines, higher insurance premiums and help keep themselves and other road users safe.

Winter is a dangerous time of year to be driving, with darker nights, awkward sunshine and icy road surfaces.

When asked about their biggest fear when driving in the winter, a recent Quotezone survey found 48% said driving in snow and icy conditions is their biggest worry.

To try to alleviate these fears, motorists are encouraged to plan ahead for the winter weather, be extra cautious and adjust their driving to meet the conditions.

Greg Wilson, car insurance expert and CEO of Quotezone.co.uk said: “Winter is probably the most challenging time of the year for drivers, as part of Road Safety Week we wanted to raise awareness of the difficulties many drivers face every day and encourage everyone to get prepared for winter.

“The Quotezone survey showed nearly half are worried about driving in snowy and icy conditions, but there are steps drivers can take to help keep them safe.  It’s important to make sure the vehicle is road worthy – especially tyres, it’s vital they are fit for purpose, fully inflated and pass the 20p tread depth test to ensure they have enough grip in treacherous conditions.

“It’s sensible to give your vehicle some TLC before setting off, especially on longer road trips over the festive season to visit friends and family, ensuring all lights are working and fluid levels are all topped up.  It can also be helpful to pack the boot with a winter survival kit, with essentials in case of an accident or breakdown.

“Road safety is paramount and something all drivers need to take seriously.  We’re proud to support road safety charity Brake and the vital work they do supporting communities throughout Great Britain – their vision is a world where we can all move in a safe and healthy way, working to stop crashes on our roads, reduce harm when a crash happens, and help every road victim get the support they need, for as long as they need it.”

Quotezone.co.uk has put together a list of five things to look out for when driving this winter:

1.Check tyres

Motorists can be fined a hefty £2,500 for each faulty tyre and receive three points on their driving licence. If the police see another tyre falling short, it doubles to £5,000 and six points. Four faulty tyres could even see the maximum 12 points, resulting in the loss of a driving licence.  Bare and worn tyres will have less grip and be treacherous in icy conditions, when you insert a 20p into the gap in the tyre tread, the rubber needs to cover the bottom line of the 20p, to ensure the tyres have enough grip.

2.Clear your windscreen before you set off

Windscreens with inhibited views can land drivers with a £1,000 fine and three points on a driving licence. So any leaves, snow, ice, mud or even condensation, needs to be fully cleared before you start driving – not having a full view of the road is incredibly dangerous.

3.Defrosting

It’s tempting to leave the engine running while the windscreen unfreezes, and the car warms up. However, if the vehicle is stolen in the meantime, many insurance companies will not cover the loss. Leaving engines running, also known as ‘idling’ is also an offence under section 42 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. This is because it’s bad for the environment as it increases the amount of dangerous gases emitted into the air from the car’s exhaust.  It’s also incredibly dangerous if done near a school so best to switch the engine off completely if waiting on the school pick-up.

4.Clean the number plate

Excess mud and grit on the roads this time of year can make your car dirty very quickly, and if the number plate isn’t clearly visible, drivers could face a fine of £1,000.  The police need visible access to your number plate at all times, for the safety of all road users.

5.Driving in a flood

Some car insurance policies include clauses advising policyholders not to drive through flooded roads, and may specifically exclude cover for any water damage to the car if the motorist goes against this advice.  It’s also extremely dangerous as the engine can stall and the vehicle can be left stranded.

It’s also sensible to pack the car with winter essentials before setting off, such as a torch, a blanket, a shovel, water and rations, a first aid kit, de-icer and a spare phone charger – to help cope with the unexpected.

Quotezone.co.uk helps drivers compare and save on all sorts of motoring products such as breakdown cover, car, motorbike and van insurance.

Worried this winter? Let’s chat.

If you are worried about heating bills and the cost of living this winter, the Citizens Advice network is here to help.

Continued high living costs and months of unaffordable energy bills means many of us are worried about managing payments again this winter. Sadly, too many of us are switching off the heating, turning to credit to cover essential livings costs, or feeling like there is no solution to unmanageable bills.

But the Citizens Advice network in Scotland is here for you with free, impartial and confidential advice.

Find your local CAB

Your first port of call should be contacting your local Citizens Advice Bureau to get free, confidential and impartial advice. One of our specialist advisers will be able to talk to you face-to-face, go through your situation and work out the next steps. They will be able to help communicate with your energy supplier, set up a manageable repayment plan or find out if you are eligible for any grants or discounts.

Get help online

Specialist services

  • If you are thinking about claiming Universal Credit for the first time, we can help. Our Help to Claim advisers are available by webchat or telephone (0800 023 2581, Monday to Friday, 8am-6pm) and can guide you through the process, whether you’re looking for answers to quick questions or step-by-step support to make your claim.
  • The Money Talk Team at your local Citizens Advice Bureau helps you maximise your income, look at options to reduce costs and offers specialist debt advice. To find out more, start a webchat here.
  • If you are elderly, have certain health conditions, are pregnant or have young children, you may be eligible for additional support from your supplier. Check if you are eligible for the Priority Services Register here.
  • You can also call Home Energy Scotland on 0808 808 2282 for help with your home energy this winter.